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<span class="normal">438</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><div id="l1" class="code_block"><span class="k">\chapter</span><span class="nb">{</span>POSIX Regular Expression and Wildcard Matching<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l2" class="code_block"><span class="k">\label</span><span class="nb">{</span>chap-posix<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l3" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l4" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>center<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l5" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\Large</span> <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\bf</span> By Michael Kifer<span class="nb">}}</span>
</div><div id="l6" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>center<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l7" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l8" class="code_block">XSB has an efficient interface to POSIX pattern regular expression and
</div><div id="l9" class="code_block">wildcard matching functions.  To take advantage of these features, you must
</div><div id="l10" class="code_block">build XSB using a C compiler that supports POSIX 1.0 (for regular
</div><div id="l11" class="code_block">expression matching) and the forthcoming POSIX 2.0 (for wildcard matching).
</div><div id="l12" class="code_block">The recent versions of GCC and SunPro compiler will do, as probably will
</div><div id="l13" class="code_block">many other compilers. This also works under Windows, provided you install
</div><div id="l14" class="code_block">Cygnus&#39; CygWin and use GCC to compile.
</div><div id="l15" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l16" class="code_block"><span class="k">\section</span><span class="nb">{{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> regmatch<span class="nb">}</span>: Regular Expression Matching and Substitution<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l17" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l18" class="code_block">The following discussion assumes that you are familiar with the syntax of
</div><div id="l19" class="code_block">regular expressions and have a reasonably good idea about their
</div><div id="l20" class="code_block">capabilities. One easily accessible description of POSIX regular
</div><div id="l21" class="code_block">expressions is found in the on-line Emacs manual.
</div><div id="l22" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l23" class="code_block">The regular expression matching functionality is provided by the package
</div><div id="l24" class="code_block">called <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Regmatch<span class="nb">}</span>. To use it interactively, type:
</div><div id="l25" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l26" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l27" class="code_block">   :- [regmatch].
</div><div id="l28" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l29" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l30" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l31" class="code_block">If you are planning to use pattern matching from within an XSB program,
</div><div id="l32" class="code_block">then you need to include the following directive:
</div><div id="l33" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l34" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l35" class="code_block">    :- import re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5, re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch/5,
</div><div id="l36" class="code_block">              re<span class="nb">_</span>substitute/4, re<span class="nb">_</span>substring/4,
</div><div id="l37" class="code_block">              re<span class="nb">_</span>charlist<span class="nb">_</span>to<span class="nb">_</span>string/2
</div><div id="l38" class="code_block">       from regmatch.
</div><div id="l39" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l40" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l41" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l42" class="code_block"><span class="k">\paragraph</span><span class="nb">{</span>Matching.<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l43" class="code_block">The predicates <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5| and <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch/5| perform regular
</div><div id="l44" class="code_block">expression matching.  The predicate <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>substitute/4| replaces
</div><div id="l45" class="code_block">substrings in a list with strings from another list and returns the
</div><div id="l46" class="code_block">resulting new string.
</div><div id="l47" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l48" class="code_block">The <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5| predicate has the following calling sequence:
</div><div id="l49" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l50" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l51" class="code_block"> re<span class="nb">_</span>match(+Regexp, +InputStr, +Offset, ?IgnoreCase, -MatchList)
</div><div id="l52" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l53" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l54" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Regexp<span class="nb">}</span> is a regular expression, <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\it</span> e.g.<span class="nb">}</span>,
</div><div id="l55" class="code_block">``<span class="k">\verb</span>/abc([<span class="nb">^</span>;,]*); (dd|ee)*;/&#39;&#39;. It can be a Prolog atom or string (<span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\it</span> i.e.<span class="nb">}</span>, a list of
</div><div id="l56" class="code_block">characters). The above expression matches any substring that has ``abc&#39;&#39;
</div><div id="l57" class="code_block">followed by a sequence of characters none of which is a ``;&#39;&#39; or a ``,&#39;&#39;,
</div><div id="l58" class="code_block">followed by a ``; &#39;&#39;, followed by a sequence that consists of zero or more
</div><div id="l59" class="code_block">of ``dd&#39;&#39; or ``ee&#39;&#39; segments, followed by a ``;&#39;&#39;. An example of a string
</div><div id="l60" class="code_block">where such a match can be found is ``<span class="k">\verb</span>|123abc<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*<span class="nb">^</span>; ddeedd;poi|&#39;&#39;.
</div><div id="l61" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l62" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> InputStr<span class="nb">}</span> is the string to be matched against. It can be a Prolog atom
</div><div id="l63" class="code_block">or a string (list of characters). <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Offset<span class="nb">}</span> is an integer offset into
</div><div id="l64" class="code_block">the string. The matching process starts at this offset. <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> IgnoreCase<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l65" class="code_block">indicates whether the case of the letters is to be ignored. If this
</div><div id="l66" class="code_block">argument is an uninstantiated variable, then the case is <span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>not<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l67" class="code_block">ignored. If this argument is bound to a non-variable, then the case
</div><div id="l68" class="code_block"><span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>is<span class="nb">}</span> ignored.
</div><div id="l69" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l70" class="code_block">The last argument, <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> MatchList<span class="nb">}</span>, is used to return the results. It
</div><div id="l71" class="code_block">must unify with a list of the form:
</div><div id="l72" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l73" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l74" class="code_block">    [match(beg<span class="nb">_</span>off0,end<span class="nb">_</span>off0), match(beg<span class="nb">_</span>off1,end<span class="nb">_</span>off1), ...]  
</div><div id="l75" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l76" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l77" class="code_block">The term <span class="k">\verb</span>|match(beg<span class="nb">_</span>off0,end<span class="nb">_</span>off0)| represents the substring
</div><div id="l78" class="code_block">that matches the <span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>entire<span class="nb">}</span> regular expression,
</div><div id="l79" class="code_block">and the terms <span class="k">\verb</span>|match(beg<span class="nb">_</span>off1,end<span class="nb">_</span>off1)|, ..., represent the matches
</div><div id="l80" class="code_block">corresponding to the <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\em</span> parenthesized subexpressions<span class="k">\/</span><span class="nb">}</span> of the regular
</div><div id="l81" class="code_block">expression.
</div><div id="l82" class="code_block">The terms <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> beg<span class="k">\_off</span><span class="nb">}</span> and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> end<span class="k">\_off</span><span class="nb">}</span> above are integers that specify
</div><div id="l83" class="code_block">beginning and ending offsets of the various matches. Thus, <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> beg<span class="k">\_off</span>0<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l84" class="code_block">is the offset into <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> InputStr<span class="nb">}</span> that points to the start of the maximal
</div><div id="l85" class="code_block">substring that matches the entire regular expression; <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> end<span class="k">\_off</span>0<span class="nb">}</span> points to the
</div><div id="l86" class="code_block">end of such a substring. In our case, the maximal matching substring is 
</div><div id="l87" class="code_block">``<span class="k">\verb</span>|abc<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*<span class="nb">^</span>; ddeedd;|&#39;&#39; and the first term in the list returned by
</div><div id="l88" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l89" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l90" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&#39;abc([<span class="nb">^</span>;,]*); (dd|ee)*;&#39;, &#39;123abc<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*<span class="nb">^</span>; ddeedd;poi&#39;, 0, <span class="nb">_</span>,L).  
</div><div id="l91" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l92" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l93" class="code_block">is <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> match(3,18)<span class="nb">}</span>.
</div><div id="l94" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l95" class="code_block">The most powerful feature of POSIX pattern matching is the ability to
</div><div id="l96" class="code_block">remember and return substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions.
</div><div id="l97" class="code_block">When the above predicate succeeds, the terms 2,3, etc., in the above list
</div><div id="l98" class="code_block">represent the offsets for the matches corresponding to the parenthesized
</div><div id="l99" class="code_block">expressions 1,2,etc.
</div><div id="l100" class="code_block">For instance, our earlier regular expression 
</div><div id="l101" class="code_block">  ``<span class="k">\verb</span>/abc([<span class="nb">^</span>;,]*); (dd|ee)*;/&#39;&#39; has two parenthetical subexpressions, which
</div><div id="l102" class="code_block">match ``<span class="k">\verb</span>|<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*<span class="nb">^</span>|&#39;&#39; and ``<span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> dd<span class="nb">}</span>, respectively. So, the complete output
</div><div id="l103" class="code_block">from the above call is:
</div><div id="l104" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l105" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l106" class="code_block">L = [match(3,18),match(6,9),match(15,17)]  
</div><div id="l107" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l108" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l109" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l110" class="code_block">The maximal number of parenthetical expressions supported by the Regmatch
</div><div id="l111" class="code_block">package is 30. Partial matches to parenthetical expressions 31 and over are
</div><div id="l112" class="code_block">discarded.
</div><div id="l113" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l114" class="code_block">The match-terms corresponding to parenthetical expressions can sometimes
</div><div id="l115" class="code_block">report ``<span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>no-use<span class="nb">}</span>.&#39;&#39; This is possible when the regular expression
</div><div id="l116" class="code_block">specifies that zero or more occurrences of the parenthesized subexpression
</div><div id="l117" class="code_block">must be matched, and the match was made using zero subexpressions. In this
</div><div id="l118" class="code_block">case, the corresponding match term is <span class="k">\verb</span>|match(-1,-1)|. For instance, 
</div><div id="l119" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l120" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l121" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&#39;ab(de)*&#39;, &#39;abcd&#39;,0,<span class="nb">_</span>,L).
</div><div id="l122" class="code_block">L = [match(0,2),match(-1,-1)]
</div><div id="l123" class="code_block">yes
</div><div id="l124" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l125" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l126" class="code_block">Here the match that was found is the substring ``ab&#39;&#39; and the parenthesized
</div><div id="l127" class="code_block">subexpression ``de&#39;&#39; was not used. This fact is reported using the special
</div><div id="l128" class="code_block">match term <span class="k">\verb</span>|match(-1,-1)|.
</div><div id="l129" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l130" class="code_block">Here is one more example of the power of POSIX regular expression matching:
</div><div id="l131" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l132" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l133" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&quot;a(b*|e*)cd<span class="k">\\</span>1&quot;,&#39;abbbcdbbbbbo&#39;, 0, <span class="nb">_</span>, M).  
</div><div id="l134" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l135" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l136" class="code_block">Here the result is:
</div><div id="l137" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l138" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l139" class="code_block">M = [match(0,9),match(1,4)]
</div><div id="l140" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l141" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l142" class="code_block">The interesting features here are the positional parameter
</div><div id="l143" class="code_block"><span class="s">$</span><span class="nv">\backslash\backslash</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="s">$</span> and the alternating parenthetical expression <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l144" class="code_block">a(b*|e*)<span class="nb">}</span>. The alternating parenthetical expression here can match any
</div><div id="l145" class="code_block">sequence of b&#39;s <span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>or<span class="nb">}</span> any sequence of e&#39;s. Note that if the string to
</div><div id="l146" class="code_block">be matched is not known when we write the program, we will not know a
</div><div id="l147" class="code_block">priori which sequence will be matched: a sequence of b&#39;s or a sequence of e&#39;s.
</div><div id="l148" class="code_block">Moreover, we do not even know the length of that sequence.
</div><div id="l149" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l150" class="code_block">Now, suppose, we want to make sure that the matching substrings look like this:
</div><div id="l151" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l152" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l153" class="code_block">abbbcdbbb
</div><div id="l154" class="code_block">aeeeecdeeee
</div><div id="l155" class="code_block">abbbbbbcdbbbbbb
</div><div id="l156" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l157" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l158" class="code_block">How can we make sure that the suffix that follows ``cd&#39;&#39; is exactly the same
</div><div id="l159" class="code_block">string that is stuck between ``a&#39;&#39; and ``cd&#39;&#39;? This is what
</div><div id="l160" class="code_block"><span class="s">$</span><span class="nv">\backslash\backslash</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="s">$</span> precisely does: it represents the substring
</div><div id="l161" class="code_block">matched by the first parenthetical expression. Similarly, you can use
</div><div id="l162" class="code_block"><span class="s">$</span><span class="nv">\backslash\backslash</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="s">$</span>, etc., if the regular expression contains more
</div><div id="l163" class="code_block">than one parenthetical expression.
</div><div id="l164" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l165" class="code_block">The following example illustrates the use of the offset argument:
</div><div id="l166" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l167" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l168" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&quot;a(b*|e*)cd<span class="k">\\</span>1&quot;,&#39;abbbcdbbbbboabbbcdbbbbbo&#39;,2,<span class="nb">_</span>,M).  
</div><div id="l169" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l170" class="code_block">M = [match(12,21),match(13,16)]  
</div><div id="l171" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l172" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l173" class="code_block">Here, the string to be matched is double the string from the previous
</div><div id="l174" class="code_block">example. However, because we said that matching should start at offset 2,
</div><div id="l175" class="code_block">the first half of the string is not matched.
</div><div id="l176" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l177" class="code_block">The <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5| predicate fails if <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Regexp<span class="nb">}</span> does not match <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l178" class="code_block">  InputStr<span class="nb">}</span> or if the term specified in <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> MatchList<span class="nb">}</span> does not unify with
</div><div id="l179" class="code_block">the result produced by the match.  Otherwise, it succeeds.
</div><div id="l180" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l181" class="code_block">We should also note that parenthetical expressions can be represented
</div><div id="l182" class="code_block">using the <span class="k">\verb</span>|<span class="s">\(</span><span class="nb">...</span><span class="s">\)</span>| notation. What if you want to match a ``(&#39;&#39; then?
</div><div id="l183" class="code_block">You must escape it with a ``<span class="k">\verb</span>|<span class="k">\\</span>|&#39;&#39; then:
</div><div id="l184" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l185" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l186" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&quot;a(b*)cd<span class="k">\\</span>(&quot;,&#39;abbbcd(bbo&#39;, 0, <span class="nb">_</span>, M).
</div><div id="l187" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l188" class="code_block">M = [match(0,7),match(1,4)]
</div><div id="l189" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l190" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l191" class="code_block">Now, what about matching the backslash itself? Try harder: you need four
</div><div id="l192" class="code_block">backslashes: 
</div><div id="l193" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l194" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l195" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&quot;a(b*)cd<span class="k">\\\\</span>&quot;,&#39;abbbcd<span class="k">\bbo</span>&#39;, 0, <span class="nb">_</span>, M).
</div><div id="l196" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l197" class="code_block">M = [match(0,7),match(1,4)]
</div><div id="l198" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l199" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l200" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l201" class="code_block">The predicate <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch/5| has the same calling sequence as
</div><div id="l202" class="code_block"><span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5|, and the meaning of the arguments is the same, except the
</div><div id="l203" class="code_block">last (output) argument. The difference is that <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch/5|
</div><div id="l204" class="code_block">ignores parenthesized subexpressions in the regular expression and instead
</div><div id="l205" class="code_block">of returning the matches corresponding to these parenthesized
</div><div id="l206" class="code_block">subexpressions it returns the list of all matches for the top-level regular
</div><div id="l207" class="code_block">expression. For instance, 
</div><div id="l208" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l209" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l210" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch(&#39;[<span class="nb">^</span>a-zA-Z0-9]+&#39;, &#39;123<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*-456 )7890<span class="c">% 123&#39;, 0, 1, X).</span>
</div><div id="l211" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l212" class="code_block">X = [match(3,6),match(9,11),match(15,17)]  
</div><div id="l213" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l214" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l215" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l216" class="code_block"><span class="k">\paragraph</span><span class="nb">{</span>Extracting the matches.<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l217" class="code_block">The predicate <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>match/5| provides us with the offsets. How can we
</div><div id="l218" class="code_block">actually get the matched substrings? This is done with the help of the
</div><div id="l219" class="code_block">predicate <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>substring/4|:
</div><div id="l220" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l221" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l222" class="code_block">    re<span class="nb">_</span>substring(+String, +BeginOffset, +EndOffset, -Result).
</div><div id="l223" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l224" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l225" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l226" class="code_block">This predicate works exactly like <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> substring/4<span class="nb">}</span> described in
</div><div id="l227" class="code_block">Section~<span class="k">\ref</span><span class="nb">{</span>sec-strings<span class="nb">}</span>, except that the resulting substring is
</div><div id="l228" class="code_block">not interned (if it is an atom). All you can do with this
</div><div id="l229" class="code_block">string is to immediately convert it into a list (using <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> atom<span class="k">\_codes</span>/2<span class="nb">}</span>)
</div><div id="l230" class="code_block">or into a true atom (using <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> intern<span class="k">\_string</span>/2<span class="nb">}</span>, which must be imported
</div><div id="l231" class="code_block">from module machine).
</div><div id="l232" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l233" class="code_block">The reason for these complications is to allow the user to control the size
</div><div id="l234" class="code_block">of the atom table. At present, XSB does not have atom table garbage
</div><div id="l235" class="code_block">collection, so heavy use of string manipulation functions can result in
</div><div id="l236" class="code_block">atom table overflow. This danger is particularly severe when XSB is used
</div><div id="l237" class="code_block">for processing HTML pages. This predicate will become an alias to <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l238" class="code_block">  substring/4<span class="nb">}</span> when atom garbage collection will be added to XSB.
</div><div id="l239" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l240" class="code_block">On the other hand, converting strings into lists (without interning them
</div><div id="l241" class="code_block">first) is safe, because lists are garbage-collected in XSB Version 2.0.
</div><div id="l242" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l243" class="code_block">Here is a complete example that shows matching followed by a subsequent 
</div><div id="l244" class="code_block">extraction of the matches:
</div><div id="l245" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l246" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l247" class="code_block">| ?- import intern<span class="nb">_</span>string/2 from machine.
</div><div id="l248" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l249" class="code_block">| ?- Str = &#39;abbbcd<span class="k">\bbo</span>&#39;,
</div><div id="l250" class="code_block">      re<span class="nb">_</span>match(&quot;a(b*)cd<span class="k">\\\\</span>&quot;,Str,0,<span class="nb">_</span>,[match(X,Y), match(V,W)|L]),
</div><div id="l251" class="code_block">      re<span class="nb">_</span>substring(Str,X,Y,UninternedMatch),
</div><div id="l252" class="code_block">      intern<span class="nb">_</span>string(UninternedMatch,Match),
</div><div id="l253" class="code_block">      re<span class="nb">_</span>substring(Str,V,W,UninternedParen1),
</div><div id="l254" class="code_block">      atom<span class="nb">_</span>codes(UninternedParen1,Paren1).
</div><div id="l255" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l256" class="code_block">Str = abbbcd<span class="k">\bbo</span>
</div><div id="l257" class="code_block">X = 0
</div><div id="l258" class="code_block">Y = 7
</div><div id="l259" class="code_block">V = 1
</div><div id="l260" class="code_block">W = 4
</div><div id="l261" class="code_block">L = []
</div><div id="l262" class="code_block">UninternedMatch = abbbcd<span class="k">\</span>
</div><div id="l263" class="code_block">Match = abbbcd<span class="k">\</span>
</div><div id="l264" class="code_block">UninternedParen1 = bbb
</div><div id="l265" class="code_block">Paren1 = [98,98,98]
</div><div id="l266" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l267" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l268" class="code_block">Note that the strings <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedMatch<span class="nb">}</span> and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedParen1<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l269" class="code_block">cannot be used by themselves. In the first case, we converted the string
</div><div id="l270" class="code_block">into a Prolog atom and in the second case into a string. The resulting
</div><div id="l271" class="code_block">objects (<span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Match<span class="nb">}</span> and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Paren1<span class="nb">}</span>) can be used in further computations.
</div><div id="l272" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l273" class="code_block">Observe that XSB reports that <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedMatch<span class="nb">}</span> and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l274" class="code_block">UninternedParen1<span class="nb">}</span> are both equal the string ``<span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> bbb<span class="nb">}</span>&#39;&#39;, while <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l275" class="code_block">Match<span class="nb">}</span> --- the atom obtained from <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedMatch<span class="nb">}</span> --- is different.
</div><div id="l276" class="code_block">This is because <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedMatch<span class="nb">}</span> and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> UninternedParen1<span class="nb">}</span> are
</div><div id="l277" class="code_block">uninterned and both occupy the same physical space. Thus, the second call
</div><div id="l278" class="code_block">to <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>substring/4| overrides the value stored in this location by the
</div><div id="l279" class="code_block">first call.
</div><div id="l280" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l281" class="code_block"><span class="k">\paragraph</span><span class="nb">{</span>Substitution.<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l282" class="code_block">The predicate <span class="k">\verb</span>|re<span class="nb">_</span>substitute/4| has the following invocation:
</div><div id="l283" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l284" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l285" class="code_block">    re<span class="nb">_</span>substitute(+InputStr, +SubstrList, +SubstitutionList, -OutStr)  
</div><div id="l286" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l287" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l288" class="code_block">This predicate works exactly like <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> string<span class="k">\_substitute</span>/4<span class="nb">}</span> described in
</div><div id="l289" class="code_block">Section~<span class="k">\ref</span><span class="nb">{</span>sec-strings<span class="nb">}</span>, except that the result of the substitution is
</div><div id="l290" class="code_block">not interned (for the same reason as in <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_substring</span>/4<span class="nb">}</span>. This
</div><div id="l291" class="code_block">predicate will become an alias to <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> string<span class="k">\_substitute</span>/4<span class="nb">}</span> when atom
</div><div id="l292" class="code_block">garbage collection will be added to XSB.
</div><div id="l293" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l294" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l295" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l296" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>bulkmatch(&#39;[<span class="nb">^</span>a-zA-Z0-9]+&#39;, &#39;123<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*-456 )7890| 123&#39;, 0, <span class="nb">_</span>, X),
</div><div id="l297" class="code_block">     re<span class="nb">_</span>substitute(&#39;123<span class="nb">&amp;</span>*-456 )7890| 123&#39;, X, [&#39;+++&#39;], Y).
</div><div id="l298" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l299" class="code_block">X = [match(3,6),match(9,11),match(15,17)]
</div><div id="l300" class="code_block">Y = 123+++456+++7890+++123
</div><div id="l301" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l302" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l303" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l304" class="code_block"><span class="k">\paragraph</span><span class="nb">{</span>Efficiency considerations.<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l305" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l306" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l307" class="code_block">  <span class="k">\item</span>  Try not to work with too many regular expressions at once.
</div><div id="l308" class="code_block">    Before a regular expression can be used, it must be compiled (which
</div><div id="l309" class="code_block">    <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_match</span>/5<span class="nb">}</span> does automatically).
</div><div id="l310" class="code_block">    <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_match</span>/5<span class="nb">}</span> maintains a cache of compiled regular expressions, so
</div><div id="l311" class="code_block">    they do not need to be compiled each time they are used. However, if
</div><div id="l312" class="code_block">    more than 8--10 expressions are used simultaneously, repeated
</div><div id="l313" class="code_block">    recompilation might result.
</div><div id="l314" class="code_block">  <span class="k">\item</span> When a list of characters is passed to any one of the above
</div><div id="l315" class="code_block">    predicates, it is converted into a C string. This can be expensive, if
</div><div id="l316" class="code_block">    done too often for the same string.
</div><div id="l317" class="code_block">    
</div><div id="l318" class="code_block">    One way to circumvent the problem is to use <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> atom<span class="k">\_codes</span>/2<span class="nb">}</span> to
</div><div id="l319" class="code_block">    first convert the list into an atom and then use that atom repeatedly
</div><div id="l320" class="code_block">    in the match operations. One problem here might be the aforementioned
</div><div id="l321" class="code_block">    overflow of the atom table. So, if this is a concern, the following
</div><div id="l322" class="code_block">    predicate (which always succeeds) can help:
</div><div id="l323" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l324" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l325" class="code_block">   re<span class="nb">_</span>charlist<span class="nb">_</span>to<span class="nb">_</span>string(+ListOfCharacters, -String)  
</div><div id="l326" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l327" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l328" class="code_block">    This predicate converts lists of characters into uninterned strings,
</div><div id="l329" class="code_block">    which can be used without the fear of atom table overflow:
</div><div id="l330" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l331" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l332" class="code_block">| ?- re<span class="nb">_</span>charlist<span class="nb">_</span>to<span class="nb">_</span>string(&quot;abcdefg&quot;,L).
</div><div id="l333" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l334" class="code_block">L = abcdefg  
</div><div id="l335" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l336" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l337" class="code_block">    The resulting string can be passed to <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_match</span>/5<span class="nb">}</span>, <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l338" class="code_block">    re<span class="k">\_substitute</span>/5<span class="nb">}</span>, and <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_substring</span>/4<span class="nb">}</span> for further processing.
</div><div id="l339" class="code_block">  
</div><div id="l340" class="code_block">  Note, however: you cannot call <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_charlist\_to\_string</span><span class="nb">}</span> before you
</div><div id="l341" class="code_block">  finished working with the string generated by the previous call: all
</div><div id="l342" class="code_block">  calls to this function use the same static buffer to hold the output
</div><div id="l343" class="code_block">  string, so each subsequent call to <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> re<span class="k">\_charlist\_to\_string</span><span class="nb">}</span> will
</div><div id="l344" class="code_block">  override the previously generated strings.
</div><div id="l345" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l346" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l347" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l348" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l349" class="code_block"><span class="k">\section</span><span class="nb">{{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> wildmatch<span class="nb">}</span>: Wildcard Matching and Globing<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l350" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l351" class="code_block">These interfaces are implemented using the <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildmatch<span class="nb">}</span> package of XSB.
</div><div id="l352" class="code_block">This package provides the following functionality: 
</div><div id="l353" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l354" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>enumerate<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l355" class="code_block"><span class="k">\item</span> Telling whether a wildcard, like the ones used in Unix shells, match
</div><div id="l356" class="code_block">  against a given string. Wildcards supported are of the kind available in
</div><div id="l357" class="code_block">  tcsh or bash. Alternating characters (<span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\it</span> e.g.<span class="nb">}</span>, ``<span class="k">\verb</span>|[abc]|&#39;&#39; or
</div><div id="l358" class="code_block">  ``<span class="k">\verb</span>|[<span class="nb">^</span>abc]|&#39;&#39;) are supported.
</div><div id="l359" class="code_block"><span class="k">\item</span> Finding the list of all file names in a given directory that match a
</div><div id="l360" class="code_block">  given wildcard. This facility generalizes <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> directory/2<span class="nb">}</span> (in module <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l361" class="code_block">    directory<span class="nb">}</span>), and it is much more efficient.
</div><div id="l362" class="code_block"><span class="k">\item</span> String conversion to lower and upper case.
</div><div id="l363" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>enumerate<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l364" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l365" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l366" class="code_block">To use this package, you need to type:
</div><div id="l367" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l368" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l369" class="code_block">| ?- [wildmatch].  
</div><div id="l370" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l371" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l372" class="code_block">If you are planning to use it in an XSB program, you need
</div><div id="l373" class="code_block">this directive:
</div><div id="l374" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l375" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l376" class="code_block">:- import glob<span class="nb">_</span>directory/4, wildmatch/3, convert<span class="nb">_</span>string/3 from wildmatch.
</div><div id="l377" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l378" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l379" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l380" class="code_block">The calling sequence for <span class="k">\verb</span>|glob<span class="nb">_</span>directory/4| is:
</div><div id="l381" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l382" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l383" class="code_block">   glob<span class="nb">_</span>directory(+Wildcard, +Directory, ?MarkDirs, -FileList)  
</div><div id="l384" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l385" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l386" class="code_block">The parameter <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span> can be either a Prolog atom or a Prolog
</div><div id="l387" class="code_block">string. <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Directory<span class="nb">}</span> is also an atom or a string; it specifies the
</div><div id="l388" class="code_block">directory to be globbed. <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> MarkDirs<span class="nb">}</span> indicates whether directory names
</div><div id="l389" class="code_block">should be decorated with a trailing slash: if <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> MarkDirs<span class="nb">}</span> is bound, then
</div><div id="l390" class="code_block">directories will be so decorated. If MarkDirs is an unbound variable, then
</div><div id="l391" class="code_block">trailing slashes will not be added.
</div><div id="l392" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l393" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> FileList<span class="nb">}</span> gets the list of files in <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Directory<span class="nb">}</span> that match <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l394" class="code_block">  Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span>.  If <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Directory<span class="nb">}</span> is bound to an atom, then <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> FileList<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l395" class="code_block">gets bound to a list of atoms; if <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Directory<span class="nb">}</span> is a Prolog string, then
</div><div id="l396" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> FileList<span class="nb">}</span> will be bound to a list of strings as well.
</div><div id="l397" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l398" class="code_block">This predicate succeeds is at least one match is found. If no matches are
</div><div id="l399" class="code_block">found or if <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Directory<span class="nb">}</span> does not exist or cannot be read, then the
</div><div id="l400" class="code_block">predicate fails.
</div><div id="l401" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l402" class="code_block">The calling sequence for <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> wildmatch/3<span class="nb">}</span>  is as follows:
</div><div id="l403" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l404" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l405" class="code_block">    wildmatch(+Wildcard, +String, ?IgnoreCase)  
</div><div id="l406" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l407" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l408" class="code_block"><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span> is the same as before. <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> String<span class="nb">}</span> represents the string to
</div><div id="l409" class="code_block">be matched against <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span>. Like <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span>, <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> String<span class="nb">}</span> can be
</div><div id="l410" class="code_block">an atom or a string. <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> IgnoreCase<span class="nb">}</span> indicates whether case of letters
</div><div id="l411" class="code_block">should be ignored during matching. Namely, if this argument is bound to a
</div><div id="l412" class="code_block">non-variable, then the case of letters is ignored. Otherwise, if <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span>
</div><div id="l413" class="code_block">  IgnoreCase<span class="nb">}</span> is a variable, then the case of letters is preserved.
</div><div id="l414" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l415" class="code_block">This predicate succeeds when <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> Wildcard<span class="nb">}</span> matches <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> String<span class="nb">}</span> and fails
</div><div id="l416" class="code_block">otherwise.
</div><div id="l417" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l418" class="code_block">The calling sequence for <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> convert<span class="k">\_string</span>/3<span class="nb">}</span>  is as follows:
</div><div id="l419" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l420" class="code_block"><span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l421" class="code_block">    convert<span class="nb">_</span>string(+InputString, +OutputString, +ConversionFlag)  
</div><div id="l422" class="code_block"><span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
</div><div id="l423" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%</span>
</div><div id="l424" class="code_block">The input string must be an atom or a character list. The output string
</div><div id="l425" class="code_block">must be unbound. Its type will ``atom&#39;&#39; if so was the input and it will be
</div><div id="l426" class="code_block">a character list if so was the input string. The conversion flag must be
</div><div id="l427" class="code_block">the atom <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> tolower<span class="nb">}</span> or <span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\tt</span> toupper<span class="nb">}</span>. 
</div><div id="l428" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l429" class="code_block">This predicate always succeeds, unless there was an error, such as wrong
</div><div id="l430" class="code_block">type argument passed as a parameter.
</div><div id="l431" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l432" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l433" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l434" class="code_block">
</div><div id="l435" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%% Local Variables: </span>
</div><div id="l436" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%% mode: latex</span>
</div><div id="l437" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%% TeX-master: &quot;manual2&quot;</span>
</div><div id="l438" class="code_block"><span class="c">%%% End: </span>
</div></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>

      
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